Metal material noun explanation

Heating furnace, reheating furnace

Flame furnace

Annular furnace circular rotating furnace

Annealing furnace annealing furnace, annealer

Vacuum annealing furnace

Continuous pickling line pickle line processor: strip steel is acidified through several acid tanks without interruption.

Roll roll

Extrusion roller

Roll table

Extension roller table

Mandrel

Guard

Guide guide

With coil box

Looper loop

Organizational performance and testing

Transgranular fracture: A fracture that occurs inside a crystal that passes through a polycrystalline material.

Intergranular fracture: A fracture that occurs along a grain boundary.

Cleavage fracture: A fracture that occurs along a given crystal plane—the cleavage plane (one of the ways of transgranular fracture).

Shear fracture: A fracture that occurs along the plane of action of the maximum shear stress.

Fatigue fracture: A fracture that occurs under repeated or alternating stresses below the yield strength of the material.

Delayed fracture: The metal suffers from static stress that is not sufficient to cause fracture directly, but breaks over time.

Fracture fracture surface: the fracture surface or fracture surface of a metal piece.

Fracture morphology fractography

Cup cone fracture: After the ductile fracture (toughness fracture), the fracture on one side is cup-shaped, and the fracture on the other side is tapered. The two are collectively called the cup cone fracture.

Silky fracture: A very fine grain fracture with a smooth surface and a silky luster.

Fibrous fracture: The ductility of a metal or alloy is large enough that the grain is elongated before fracture and thus looks like a fracture of many fibers.

Lamination fracture: The non-metallic inclusions contained in the rolling process are stretched into a thin layer of metal material perpendicular to the fracture of the rolling surface.

Conchoidal fracture: A scalloped fracture made up of many concentric circles.

Metallography: The discipline of studying the internal organization of metals and alloys. The main content is to study the internal structure of metals and alloys, as well as the chemical composition, solidification conditions, deformation processing, welding and heat treatment, etc., by means of metallographic and electron microscopy, and the changes in internal structure and performance caused by them.

Metallographic examination: The analysis, investigation or examination of the macrostructure and microstructure of metals or alloys by means of metallographic methods.

Optical microscope: A microscope used to study the structure of metals and alloys that are not transparent to visible light using reflected light.

Mounting: The volume of the sample is too small (such as wire, ribbon, etc.) or the shape is complicated, so it is not convenient to put it in plastic (bakelite powder, etc.) or fusible when it is pinched by a finger or clamped by a clamp. Operation within alloys, etc.

Grinding: The side of the metallographic test block to be observed on the metal, manually or on a conventional sander, grinding from coarse to fine sandpaper, emery cloth or abrasive, or with various particle sizes. The abrasive wax disc or MoS2 disc is ground in sequence until it is ground with the finest sandpaper or abrasive.

Polishing: Smoothing and brightening the surface of the metallographic test block for metallographic analysis.

Etching: The operation of exposing the structure of a polished surface of a metal or alloy to a test piece by a method (usually with an etchant).

Etchant: A chemical agent used to visualize tissue characteristics or tissue components on a polished surface of a metal or alloy.

Etched pit: A regular shaped pit formed on a finely polished metal surface due to deep chemical etching.

Hot stage microscope: A microscope that studies metals or alloys at elevated temperatures.

Electron microscope: A microscope made by using a high-speed moving electron beam instead of a visible light beam as a working medium.

Scanning electron microscope, SEM: Electron microscopy (ie, scanning electron microscope) that images the secondary electrons and/or backscattered electrons generated by the electron beam on the surface of the specimen to be regularly scanned on the screen of the picture tube. ).

Transmission electron microscope, TEM: An electron microscope (ie, a see-through electron microscope) that images an electron beam through a sample to be studied (film sample or replica).

Replica: A sample used in fluoroscopy electron microscopy: a very thin (electron ray) prepared by replicating the embossed or fractured relief of the etched micro-grinding surface with a replica material. For example, it has a high transparency) film.

Extraction replica: A replica obtained by extracting a precipitate from a substrate into a replica by studying the precipitates and inclusions in the metal or alloy.

Projection replica: A replica of a heavy metal (Cr, Au, Pt, Pd, etc. or an alloy thereof) for increasing the contrast of the image or measuring the height of the relief according to the length of the shadow.

Contrast contrast: the difference between the lightest part of the film, the photo, the brightest part and the darkest part of the screen or the whitest part and the blackest part.

Orientation contrast: The contrast between individual grains caused by the crystallographic orientation of each grain relative to the ground surface on the micro-grinded surface of the etched metal or single-phase alloy.

Phase contrast: A contrast ratio between different regions in the surface of a sample caused by a slight phase change (ie, a slight phase difference) in the light reflected from the surface of the sample (with slight unevenness).

Diffraction contrast: The contrast ratio due to the selective diffraction of the crystal (which satisfies the Bragg reflection condition).

Electron microprobe: The electrons emitted by the hot filament are accelerated by an electrostatic field, and then focused by an electrostatic lens onto a very small point on the surface of the sample to excite the X-rays of the chemical elements at that point (microvolume). The instrument is then analyzed for the X-ray spectrum or the intensity of the enthalpy and spectral lines to perform qualitative or enthalpy and quantitative analysis of the chemical composition at that point.

Auger electron spectroscopy

Field ion microscope: A microscope that is extremely high in resolution. It is at the tip of a pointed specimen plus a high voltage potential that is positive for the screen. The imaging gas (He, Ne, or other rare gas) is The tip of the sample is ionized into positive ions and accelerated from the ionization point to the phosphor screen for imaging.

Atomic probe

Scanning tunneling microscopy scanning tunnelling microscopy, STM

Mossbauer spectroscopy

Positron annihilation technique positron annihilation technique

X-ray metallography X ray metallography: The study of metals and alloys using X-rays.

X-ray diffraction analysis: Crystal structure analysis based on X-ray diffraction.

X-ray topography X ray topography

X-ray diffraction pattern: A diffraction pattern produced by photographic processing of X-rays that are diffracted by crystals.

Laue method: A method of crystallographic analysis of a continuous X-ray using a stationary single crystal as a sample, named after the German physicist M.T.F.V.Laue.

Powder method: A method of performing crystal structure analysis by taking a sample of a powder sample or a polycrystal (aggregate of fine crystals) and taking an X-ray diffraction pattern by monochromatic X-ray.

Rotational crystal method: A method in which a single crystal as a sample is rotated or oscillated about a certain axis to perform X-ray diffraction analysis.

Polar figure: A specific face of a polycrystalline metal material (for example, a section perpendicular to its longitudinal axis or parallel to its longitudinal axis in a cold drawn wire; a rolling plane in a cold rolled sheet) That is, the plate surface as a projection surface, the same specific crystal plane ({hkl}) of each crystal grain in the material is represented on a polar projection plan. This polar projection is a "pole diagram".

Inverse pole figure: The distribution density of a certain reference direction in a polycrystalline metal material (for example, the longitudinal axis of a wire; the rolling direction of a sheet, etc.) is expressed in the same standard polar shot as the crystal lattice of the material. Axis distribution map on a red-faced projection.

Stereographic projection: Assuming a ball with a north pole at the upper end and a south pole at the lower end, the waist is the equator; assuming that a crystal cell or a unit cell in the crystal lattice is placed at the center of the sphere; The vertical lines are drawn to the crystal faces, and the extension lines of these perpendicular lines intersect the spherical surface, and the intersection point is called the pole point. Then, the poles on the northern hemisphere and the south pole are drawn, and the poles on the southern hemisphere and the north pole lead straight lines; all these straight lines intersect the equatorial plane-projection surface, and the intersections on the projection surface form the polar shot of the crystal. Red projection.

Gnome projection: Assuming a ball with a north pole at the upper end and a south pole at the lower end, the waist is the equator; assuming that a lattice in a crystal or crystal lattice is placed on the center of the sphere; The vertical lines are drawn to the crystal faces, and the extension lines of these perpendicular lines intersect the spherical surface, and the intersection point is called the pole point. Then, the ball is drawn to the poles by a straight line and extended to a plane tangent to the north or south pole of the ball—the projection plane intersects, and the intersections on the projection surface form a red projection of the crystal.

Dilatometry: A technique for investigating the change in length (expansion and/or contraction) of a metal or alloy specimen during heating and/or cooling to find its phase transition point.

Differential dilatometry: An expansion measurement that measures the difference between the amount of linear expansion and/or the amount of linear contraction of both the test piece and the standard piece.

Sulphur print: A sulphur print printed on photographic paper when sulfur distribution is used to detect the distribution of sulfide in steel.

Nondestructive testing: A method of inspecting material defects without destroying the condition of the test object.

Ultrasonic testing: Ultrasonic testing of non-destructive testing of internal defects in metal bodies.

Magnetic particle inspection: The use of extremely fine ferromagnetic powders (usually magnetic iron oxide powders) to test non-destructive testing of macroscopic defects (cracks, non-metallic inclusions, etc.) on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials such as steel.

Fluorescent magnetic particle inspection: Magnetic particle inspection using a ferromagnetic powder coated with a substance that emits fluorescence after ultraviolet irradiation.

X-ray radiographic inspection: Non-destructive testing of internal defects (such as cracks, looseness, shrinkage cavities, etc.) of metallic materials or workpieces using X-ray transmission.

γ ray radiographic inspection: Non-destructive testing of internal defects (such as cracks, looseness, shrinkage cavities, etc.) of metallic materials or workpieces using gamma ray transmission.

Fluorescent penetrant test: penetrant test using fluorescent permeate. "Fluorescence penetrant inspection" is a permeate that adds a substance that emits fluorescence after ultraviolet irradiation, and is applied to the surface of the test object, and the permeate is infiltrated into the defect, thereby removing the permeate remaining on the surface. Then, after being irradiated with ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 330±30 nm, the defect emits a fluorescent flame, and an image of the defect is displayed.

Eddy current inspection: Non-destructive testing using eddy current phenomena.

Extensometer extensometer:

Width gauge:

Thickness gauge

Load cell load cell

Isotope thickness gauge

Pipe testing machine

Magnetic flaw detector

Macrostructure: The metallographic surface of metals and alloys, after proper treatment, is visible to the naked eye or by means of a tissue observed with a magnifying glass.

Microstructure: The microstructure observed by a microscope after proper exposure (eg, etching) of metallographically ground surfaces of metals and alloys.

Eutectic structure: A tissue consisting entirely of eutectics.

Separation